Political Invisibility: Structural Realism and The Kahnawà:ke Mohawk Nation
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.57125/FS.2024.03.20.06Keywords:
Structural Realism, Political Invisibility, Liminality, Coxian Critical TheoryAbstract
This research critically examined the intersection of structural realism, normativity, and political invisibility, with a particular focus on its implications for peripheral actors in international relations (IR), exemplified by the Kahnawà:ke Mohawk Nation. Based on the assumption that structural realism governs Western foreign policy, the research investigated the possibility of political invisibility not as an indication of weakness but as a strategic method for political liberation. Through a theoretical analysis that contrasted the normative assumptions of structural realism with critical theory, a qualitative methodology, integrating a critical literature review and a case study analysis were employed in the research in order to dissect the dynamics of political invisibility and its potential as an emancipatory force.
The results indicated that political invisibility, when utilised effectively, can function as a subversive instrument enabling marginalised actors such as the Kahnawà:ke Mohawk Nation to maneuver through and capitalise on the normative oversights of structural realism. This subversion challenges conventional IR perspectives by demonstrating how marginalised groups can assert agency and sovereignty despite systemic exclusion from central dialogues and decision-making processes.
The scientific novelty of this study lay in its focused critique of structural realism through the lens of political invisibility and the politics of refusal, offering a unique perspective on the agency of peripheral actors in IR. Its practical significance emerges from the potential applications of these insights in fostering a more inclusive and equitable global political discourse, emphasising the strategic potential of invisibility for political mobilisation and emancipation.
By positioning political invisibility as a catalyst for emancipatory politics, this research contributed to a broader discourse on power dynamics within IR, challenging established norms and suggesting a paradigm shift towards recognising and leveraging the political agency of marginalised actors.
References
Abu-Lughod, L. (1990). The romance of resistance: Tracing transformations of power through Bedouin women. American Ethnologist, 17(1), 41–55. https://doi.org/10.1525/ae.1990.17.1.02a00030
Alcoff, L. M. (2013). Foucault's normative epistemology. In C. Falzon, T. O'Leary, & J. Sawicki (Eds.), A companion to Foucault (pp. 205–225). Blackwell Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118324905.ch9
Baskatawang, L. (2023). Reconciliation as recognition and affirmation. In Reclaiming Anishinaabe law (pp. 130–156). Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press. https://canadacommons.ca/artifacts/11762018/reclaiming-anishinaabe-law/12653310/
Booth, K. (Ed.). (2005). Critical security studies and world politics. Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Campbell, J. L. (1998). Institutional analysis and the role of ideas in political economy. Theory and Society, 27, 377–409. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780691188225-011
Capan, Z. G. (2017). Decolonising international relations?. Third World Quarterly, 38(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2016.1245100
Cole, M. (2015). Economic reductionism, formulaic responses, and pushing allies away? A response to some comments on Marxism and educational theory: Origins and issues. Educational Theory, 65(3), 333–339.
Corradetti, C. (2012). The Frankfurt school and critical theory. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2211197
Coulthard, G. S. (2014). The politics of recognition in colonial contexts. In Red skin, white masks: Rejecting the colonial politics of recognition (pp. 25–49). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Cox, R. W. (1981). Social forces, states and world orders: Beyond international relations theory. Millennium, 10(2), 126–155. https://doi.org/10.1177/03058298810100020501
D'Aoust, A.-M., & Raoul-Dandurand Chair of Strategic and Diplomatic Studies. (2004). Abusing history: A critical analysis of mainstream international relations theory misconduct. Centre for United States Studies.
Dialego. (1975). Philosophy and class struggle. In What is dialectical materialism?. https://www.marxists.org/subject/africa/dialego/philosophy/ch02.htm
Douglass, F. (1855). Anti-slavery movement: A lecture. Press of Lee, Mann & Company, Daily American Office.
Erikson, K. T. (2018). Notes on the sociology of deviance. In L. Rainwater (Ed.), Deviance and liberty (pp. 15–23). Routledge.
Enloe, C. (1996). Margins, silences and bottom rungs: How to overcome the underestimation of power in the study of international relations. In International theory: Positivism and beyond (pp. 186–202). Cambridge University Press.
Enloe, C. (2007). Feminism. In M. Griffiths (Ed.), International relations theory for the twenty-first century: An introduction (pp. 99–110). Routledge.
Fellner, A. M. (2017). “Hanging on”: Mohawk sovereignty and the art of failure. In K. Motyl & R. Schober (Eds.), The failed individual: Amid exclusion, resistance, and the pleasure of non-conformity (pp. 189–204). Campus Verlag.
Fierke, K. M. (2005). The' War on Terrorism': A critical perspective. Irish Studies in International Affairs, 16(1), 51–64. https://doi.org/10.1353/isia.2005.0009
Fraser, N. (2009). Scales of justice: Reimagining political space in a globalizing world. Columbia University Press.
Fraser, N. (2014). Justice interruptus: Critical reflections on the “postsocialist” condition. Routledge.
Gardiner, M. E. (2017). Critique of accelerationism. Theory, Culture & Society, 34(1), 29–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276416656760
Gallo-Cruz, S. (2020). Political invisibility and mobilisation: Women against state violence in Argentina, Yugoslavia, and Liberia. Routledge.
Goodell Ugalde, E. (2023). The ascendancy of capital over nation-states in the international legal arena: A historical-materialist perspective on redefining horizontality in international law. International Journal of Law, Ethics, and Technology, (2), 28–44.
Gold, S. D. (2015). The women's rights movement and abolitionism. Cavendish Square Publishing.
Habermas, J. (2018). Inclusion of the other: Studies in political theory. John Wiley & Sons.
Harvey, D. (2005). The new imperialism. Oxford University Press.
Hecht, E. (2012). Lessons from the last war – Predicting the next war. The Journal of Military Operations, 1(2), Article 6. https://www.tjomo.com/article/lessons-from-the-last-war-predicting-the-next-war/
Hegel, G. W. F. (2018). Hegel: The phenomenology of spirit. Oxford University Press.
Hollander, J. (2000, March 28). Prof. Kenneth N. Waltz's political realism wins James Madison lifetime achievement award in political science. Columbia University Press Releases.
Hollis, M. (1991). Explaining and understanding international relations. Oxford University Press on Demand.
Hough, P., Moran, A., Pilbeam, B., & Stokes, W. (2015). International security studies: Theory and practice. Routledge.
Hough, P., Pilbeam, B., & Rees, W. (2020). International security studies: Theory and practice (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429024177
Hume, D. (2018). Enquiry concerning human understanding. Charles River Editors.
Legro, J. W., & Moravcsik, A. (2014). Is anybody still a realist?. In The realism reader (pp. 505–517). Routledge.
Marotti de Mello, A., Mdiniso, J., Ndlovu, M., & Donkor, F. K. (2022). Call for papers–indigenous epistemologies and circular economy: Critical reflections from the periphery. Revista de Gestão, 29(4), 318–320. https://doi.org/10.1108/REGE-10-2022-194
Marx, K. (2016). Economic and philosophic manuscripts of 1844. In Social theory re-wired (pp. 152–158). Routledge.
Maybee, J. E. (2016, June 3). Hegel’s dialectics. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/ENTRIES/hegel-dialectics/
McMahan, J. (2008). Collective crime and collective punishment. Criminal Justice Ethics, 27(1), 4–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/0731129X.2008.9992223
Mignolo, W. D. (2009). Epistemic disobedience, independent thought and decolonial freedom. Theory, Culture & Society, 26(7–8), 159–181. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276409349275
Mill, J. S. (1998). On liberty and other essays. Oxford University Press.
Morgenthau, H. (1962). A political theory of foreign aid. American Political Science Review, 56(2), 301–309. https://doi.org/10.2307/1952366
Moro, V. (2018). Politics of refusal: A postcolonial critique of the notion of exclusion [Manuscript].
Newman, E. (2010). Critical human security studies. Review of International Studies, 36(1), 77–94. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210509990519
Ostrom, E. (2010). Analyzing collective action. Agricultural Economics, 41(S1), 155–166. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.2010.00497.x
Overgaard, M. (2023). Methodological reductionism or methodological dualism? In search of a middle ground. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11097-023-09939-6
Peters, M. A., & Besley, T. A. C. (2014). Social exclusion/inclusion: Foucault's analytics of exclusion, the political ecology of social inclusion and the legitimation of inclusive education. Open Review of Educational Research, 1(1), 99–115. https://doi.org/10.1080/23265507.2014.972439
Plant, R. (2011). The pink triangle: The Nazi war against homosexuals. Holt Paperbacks.
Portes, A., & Walton, J. (2013). Labour, class, and the international system. Elsevier.
Rajagopal, B. (2003). International law from below: Development, social movements and third world resistance. Cambridge University Press.
Rivero, D. (2012). The détente deception: Soviet and Western Bloc competition and the subversion of cold war peace. University Press of America.
Rosen, A. M. (2015). The wrong solution at the right time: The failure of the Kyoto protocol on climate change. Politics & Policy, 43(1), 30–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12105
Sayers, S. (2019). Marx and teleology. Science & Society, 83(1), 37–63. https://doi.org/10.1521/siso.2019.83.1.37
Shimko, K. I. (1992). Realism, neorealism, and American liberalism. The Review of Politics, 54(2), 281–301. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0034670500017848
Simpson, A. (2014). Mohawk interruptus: Political life across the borders of settler states. Duke University Press.
Smith, S. (2000). The discipline of international relations: Still an American social science?. The British Journal of Politics & International Relations, 2(3), 374–402. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-856X.00042
Smith, S. (2002). The United States and the discipline of international relations: “Hegemonic country, hegemonic discipline”. International Studies Review, 4(2), 67–85. https://doi.org/10.1111/1521-9488.00255
Smith, W., Higgins, M., Kokkinidis, G., & Parker, M. (2018). Becoming invisible: The ethics and politics of imperceptibility. Culture and Organization, 24(1), 54–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/14759551.2015.1110584
R Spatial. (n.d.) The length of a coastline. https://rspatial.org/raster/cases/2-coastline.html
Walt, S. M. (1998). International relations: One world, many theories. Foreign Policy, 110, 29–46. https://doi.org/10.2307/1149275
Waltz, K. N. (1999). Globalisation and governance. PS: Political Science & Politics, 32(4), 693–700. https://doi.org/10.2307/420158
Waltz, K. N. (2010). Theory of international politics. Waveland Press.
Weisstein, E. W. (2008). Floyd-Warshall algorithm. Wolfram. https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Floyd-WarshallAlgorithm.html
Whyte, A. (2012, June 11). Neorealism and neoliberal institutionalism: Born of the same approach?. https://www.e-ir.info/pdf/22166
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 author

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.